Plasmids play an important role in the virulence and antibiotic resistance of SALMONELLA. SALMONELLA carry plasmids having different size and number. Plasmid profile analysis of single isolates of SALMONELLA typhimurium and SALMONELLA enteritidis revealed the presence of 4- plasmid profiles. SALMONELLA serovars produce several Type III secretions including Sop-E and Sop–B. Soap E is detected by Dot-ELISA. Dot-ELISA is one of the solid phase immuneassay used to detect either antigens or antibody. Sop-B (SALMONELLA outer protein-B) is detected by multiplex PCR method using PCR primers Sop P1 and SOP-M13. It is concluded that the technique used in this study is more sensitive and identification and determination of various molecular characteristics of two species enhances the knowledge towards the vaccine production.

Aims: SALMONELLAe infection is one of the most important food-borne diseases. Antimicrobial resistance is increasing among SALMONELLA spp. and causes significant therapeutic problems in the treatment of diseases caused by this organisms. The aim of current study was to determine the ISOLATION rate and antimicrobial susceptibility of SALMONELLA enterica subsp. Enterica serovar typhimurium strains.Methods: SALMONELLA spp. strains were isolated from clinical cases from May 2007 to June 2008. The susceptibility of the isolates to eight antibiotics was determined according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: Among all SALMONELLA isolates, 21 (15.2%) strains were identified as SALMONELLA enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium. More than 66% of the strains were resistant to Chloramphenicol, 57.1% to Ampicillin, 23.8% to Co-trimoxazole, 14.3% to Neomycin, 9.5% to Nalidixic acid and no resistance reported to Ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin. Conclusion: S. typhimurium is one of the most prevalent non-typhoidal SALMONELLA serovars circulating in Tehran. Ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin were effective against SALMONELLA and can be considered for treatment of infections caused by this organism.

Gastroenteritis, which makes about 15% of food borne infections in such countries as the United States, commonly occurs followed by drinking contaminated water. Raw feedstuffs of animal origin, esp. meat and eggs, play an important role in the transmission of the disease. Considering the important role of eggs in the transmission of salmonellosis and the high consumption rate of eggs produced by small-scale local producers in the region, 100 eggs were acquired from street vendors in Urmia and examined at Urmia Islamic Azad University microbiology laboratory. The ISOLATION of SALMONELLA only from the yolk was performed by using the methods described in Harrigan and BAM. Six out of 100 examined eggs (6%) showed SALMONELLA contamination. The contaminated samples were then undergone serotyping using a polyvalent antiserum which finally showed that all isolated SALMONELLAe were motile and belonged to serogroup D (S. enteritidis). According to the high rate of infection in the eggs and consequently occurrence of the disease in case of consumption, making the public aware of the consequences of consuming such products and avoiding consumption of unpasteurized food of animal origin is recommended.

Contamination of poultry by SALMONELLA spp. is an important issue both in the field of public health as well as in the poultry industry and poultry have a significant role in transmission and incidence of human salmonellosis. The aim of the present study was ISOLATION and identification of SALMONELLA spp. in Iranian broiler breeder farms and their feed. Samples from Sixty two broiler breeder farms and their feed from 21 states of Iran were collected during one year. All samples were cultured in different conventional media, including pre-enrichment, enrichment, selective plating and 18 SALMONELLA isolates were identified. SALMONELLA identification was confirmed by multiplex PCR and 12 isolates were confirmed. Out of positive samples, seven samples (58.33%) were SALMONELLA enteritidis in Ghazvin, Mazandaran and Markazi provinces, three samples (25%) were SALMONELLA infantis in Kordestan and southern Khorasan provinces, and two samples (16.6%) were SALMONELLA typhimurium in Fars and Lorestan provinces. All feed samples were negative. The results of this study showed that some breeder farms in Iran are contaminated with SALMONELLA and the most prominent SALMONELLA in broiler breeder farms are SALMONELLA enteritidis, SALMONELLA infantis, and SALMONELLA typhimurium respectively.

Background: Nowadays, due to the emergence of drug resistance to antibiotics, a good alternative to drugs should be found. Bacteriophages are viruses that play a very important role in the destruction of bacteria. Because of their specific properties, bacteriophages can be considered as suitable substitutes for antibiotics in the treatment of infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to isolate SALMONELLA enteritidis bacteriophage from hospital wastewater. Methods: Ten samples of sewage, each containing about 100 ml of raw wastewater from Imam Khomeini Hospital of Tehran, were collected and then mixed with culture medium Brain-heart infusion medium (BHI) as a liquid medium for growth of microorganisms. Other stages of the work included purification, bacterial inoculation and determination of host for ISOLATION of bacteriophages. To select the effect of bacteriophage on microorganisms such as: E. coli (ATCC25922), Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC2392), Yersinia enterocolitica (ATCC9610), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) were used. Results: Out of 10 samples of bacteriophage sewage selected from SALMONELLA enteritidis. During the host testing, it became clear that these bacteriophages are well able to leach and destroy SALMONELLA enteritidis, but have no effect on other bacteria. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the extracted bacteriophage is specifically acting, due to the increase in antibiotic resistance; phages can be used as a suitable substitute for the treatment of SALMONELLA infections.

Background: Foodborne diseases are a major problem worldwide. The epidemiological investigations in many parts of the world have shown an increase in infections caused by SALMONELLA serovars. Furthermore, the emergence of drug resistance among them has become a major global concern and awareness of the resistance patterns of SALMONELLA could be very useful in treatment of diseases. Objective: This study aimed to investigate SALMONELLA serotypes in foodborne outbreaks by sequencing of ITS region of 16S-23SrRNA gene and to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Materials and Methods: A total of 614 diarrheal stool samples were collected from 173 food-borne outbreaks in different provinces of Iran during one year. Identification of SALMONELLA was carried out by phenotypic and molecular (16s-23srRNA gene detection) methods and antibiotic susceptibility was performed using disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 614 samples, 18 isolates were identified as SALMONELLA of which 16 (88. 9%) isolates were SALMONELLA Enteritidis and 2 (11. 1%) isolates as SALMONELLA Paratyphi A. All isolates were sensitive to ceftazidime, and high resistance was seen with nalidixic acid with 14 (77. 8%) isolates. Conclusion: Increasing antibiotic resistance in many bacterial pathogens such as SALMONELLA has been a major threat for human health. Therefore, identifying the antibiotic resistance patterns of SALMONELLA serovars may help in treatment of the associated infections.

This study aims at investigating the outbreak of SALMONELLA and Disease-Agent Genes Pf SALMONELLA interitidis and SALMONELLA typhimurium separted from bison milk and its products and bison meat in Khuzestan province-Mollasani town. On the Whole, 210 samples of meat, milk and its products in Esfand 94 and Farvardin 95 have been collected from Mollasani town. Samples have been analyzed for the presence of S. interitidis and S. typhimurium and Disease-Agent Genes. The outbreak of SALMONELLA in the studied sample was 2. 8%. Highest out breaks of contamination were respectively in cheese sample 10%, cream 7. 14% and 2. 5%. No SALMONELLA was detected in meat, yogurt, butter and rice pudding. The separated SALMONELLA in the sample were S. interitidis 5% and S. typhimurium 2. 5%.